Intellectual and physical/health disabilities

 Intellectual and physical/health disabilities


Intellectual disabilities, mental retardation, or cognitive disabilities: impaired intellectual functioning, limited adapted behavior, need for supports, an initial occurrence before age 18

Challenges
Bias and prejudice, labels and name-calling,  stigma, learning is more difficult than it is for a typical learner, tasks that seem easy and natural to most people of the same age can be almost overwhelming

Mild intellectual disability IQ range of 50 to 69
Moderate intellectual disability IQ range of 35 to 49
Severe intellectual disability IQ range of 20 to 34
Profound intellectual disability IQ under 20

Tips for Effective Instruction
Across Skills
  1. Select learning objectives that are specific to the skill being taught
  2. Gain students’ attention before beginning instruction
  3. Actively involve the students in the lesson
  4. Teach with real materials or provide concrete examples
  5. Ensure that the first skill taught is mastered
  6. Point out similarities among different skills
  7. Provide many opportunities for practice
  8. Reward instances of generalization from one skill to another
Across Settings
  1. Be sure the skill is mastered in at least one setting
  2. Vary instructors
  3. Vary materials and examples
  4. Explain that the skill to be applied is the same and only the setting differs
  5. Vary settings, being sure to include environments where the skill is to be applied
  6. Provide plenty of opportunities for practice in different settings

Tips for Classroom Management 
Instruction 
  1. Ensure that students understand classroom rules and expectations
  2. Use simple instructions and directions about expected classroom behaviors
  3. Actively involve the students in the lesson
  4. Prompt students about how they are supposed to behave during each type of lesson
  5. Explain the consequences of misbehaving or disturbing the lesson
Feedback
  1. Use simple, clear, and direct feedback regarding the exact behaviors required
  2. Remind students about how they are supposed to behave during each type of lesson
  3. Praise students during the lesson for meeting the classroom expectations
  4. Deliver consequences for misbehaving or disturbing the lesson
  5. Reward students for meeting expectations over an entire period

Educators can be a tremendous help to school age siblings by teaching them to:
  1. Select appropriate play activities
  2. Create play accommodations
  3. Apply techniques that sustain interactions
  4. Manage disruptive behaviors
  5. Avoid arguing and fighting
  6. Decide when to seek assistance

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